【编者按】这篇文章是根据多个有关零工、自由职业的调查报告和分析写出的总结（包括万宝盛华、福布斯、Upwork等公司、机构和媒体等做的调查），通过数据分析得出的结束，有个别可能不是完全一致，我们反复比对，没有重大的矛盾，应该是一篇不错的分析报告，通过我们的公众号刊载出来，希望你喜欢。

2020美国零工经济统计数据：职场新常态

零工经济正在席卷全球，美国也不例外。越来越多的美国企业和工人选择零工模式，主要是因为工作条件更加灵活。年轻一代正在引领潮流，尽管有相当一部分零工早于80年代之前就出生了。

有很多因素影响着零工经济的发展。很多公司正以更合算的方式聘请自由职业者从事与行业没有直接关系的工作（比如营销、设计或内容创作）。

越来越多的网络平台提供了很好的赚钱机会，而且随着工作场所对要求员工本人到场的需求减少，同时为多个雇主工作比以往任何时候都容易。

尽管如此，成为零工经济的一员也存在着一定代价。零工们享受着灵活的生活方式和自己当老板的自由，但很多人牺牲了他们的财务安全和收入的可预见性。

根据一项研究显示，零工经济的增长速度是美国传统劳动力的三倍。曾经被认为是边缘的就业模式现在已经成为主流。

The gig economy is taking over the world, and the United States is no exception. An increasing number of American businesses and workers are opting for the gig model, primarily because of more flexible working conditions. Younger generations are leading the way, although there’s a significant number of gig workers who were born well before the 1980s.

There are many factors influencing the growth of the gig economy. Companies are turning to freelancers to do jobs that are not directly related to their industry (such as marketing, design or content creation) in a cost-effective way.

A growing number of online platforms offer excellent earning opportunities, and with a decreasing need for physical presence in the workplace, it’s easier than ever to work for multiple employers simultaneously.

Still, being a gig economy worker comes at a price. Gig workers enjoy a flexible lifestyle and the freedom of being their own boss, but many sacrifice their financial security and income predictability.

According to one study, the freelance economy is growing three times faster than the traditional workforce in the United States. What was once considered a fringe employment model has now become mainstream.

让我们来看看零工经济的一些劳动力市场统计数据，这将让你更好地了解当今美国的自由职业者的比例。我们还将研究自由职业者和工作提供者之间不断演变的关系中的其他一些重要特征。

那么零工经济到底有多大呢？请往下阅读。

零工经济的统计数据和事实——亮点

• 据估计，到2020年，美国参与零工经济的人员比例将上升至43%。

  
  

• 超过90%的美国工人会考虑从事自由职业或独立承包的工作。

  
  

• 只有35%的美国自由职业者是女性。

  
  

• 近一半的千禧一代通过网络零工经济平台找工作。

  
  

• 加利福尼亚、德克萨斯、纽约、佛罗里达和伊利诺斯州为远程工作者提供了最好的机会。

  
  

• 自由职业者的总收入将近1万亿美元。

  
  

• 57%的合同工每周工作超过40小时。

  
  

• 零工的平均工资比全职员工低58%。超过半数的人无法获得雇主提供的福利。

  
  

• 自由职业者收入最高的工作是在人工智能和区块链领域。

Let’s take a look at the key labor market statistics for the gig economy. This will give you a better idea of what percentage of today’s U.S. workers are self-employed. We’ll also examine some other important characteristics of the ever-evolving relationship between workers and job providers.  

So how big is the gig economy? Scroll down. 

Gig Economy Stats & Facts – Highlights

• It is estimated that the percentage of US workers participating in the gig economy will increase to 43% in 2020.

• More than 90% of US workers would consider freelancing or independent contracting work.

• Only 35% of America’s self-employed are female.

• Almost half of all millennials use online gig economy platforms to find work.

• California, Texas, New York, Florida, and Illinois offer the best opportunities for remote workers.

• The total freelancing income is almost $1 trillion.

• 57% of contracting workers work more than 40 hours per week.

• On average, gig workers earn 58% less than full-time employees. More than half don’t have access to employer-provided benefits.

• The highest paying jobs for freelancers are in the fields of AI and Blockchain.

1. 超过三分之一（36%）的美国工人通过他们的正业或副业参与了零工经济。这个数字包括大约5700万美国人。

根据美国劳工局(Bureau of Labor)的预测，到2020年，零工经济参与者的比例将升至43%。一般每周工作时间为11至30小时。

1. Over one-third of US workers (36%) participate in the gig economy, either through their primary or secondary jobs. This number comprises around 57 million Americans. 

(Small Business Labs; Gallup; International Labour Organization; Statista)

According to the Bureau of Labor projections, the portion of gig economy workers will increase to 43% in 2020. Typical number of working hours per week ranges from 11 to 30.

2. 超过90%的美国人会考虑从事自由职业或独立承包的工作。

在美国，倾向于零工经济的人数比例很高，但新兴经济体国家的情况也很类似。在印度和墨西哥，97%的人接受自由职业者、合同工、临时工或独立承包商的工作。一般来说，年轻工人比例较高的国家倾向于选择替代型工作模式。

另一份报告发现，85%参与零工经济的美国雇主有兴趣在未来5年内继续采用合同性的工作。

2. More than 90% of Americans would consider freelancing or independent contracting work.

(ManpowerGroup; MetLife)

The percentage of people leaning towards the gig economy is high in the States, but the situation is similar in emerging economies as well. In India and Mexico, 97% of people are open to freelance, contract, temporary, or independent contractor work. In general, countries with a higher percentage of younger workers lean toward alternative working models. 

Another report has found that 85% of US employers participating in gig economy are interested in continuing contract work in the next 5 years.

3. 近60%的独立零工认为他们的工作条件是灵活的。

相比之下，只有27%的正式员工认为他们有一份灵活的工作。大约47%的独立零工对自己的工作时间感到满意，而这一比例在从事按需工作的工人和传统工作的工人中是34%。

3. Nearly 60% of independent gig workers consider their working conditions to be flexible.

(Forbes)

In contrast, only 27% of regular workers believe they have a flexible job. Around 47% of independent gig workers are satisfied with their working hours, as opposed to 34% of workers engaged in on-demand jobs and gigs, and the same percentage of workers with traditional jobs.

4. 据预测，到2023年，超过一半(52%)的美国劳动力要么是零工经济工作者，要么在职业生涯的某个阶段曾独立工作过。

最近的一项研究发现，大约有4180万美国人已经在追求独立工作。

4. It is projected that by 2023, more than half (52%) of the US workforce will either be gig economy workers or have worked independently at some point in their career.

(MBO Partners) 

A recent study found that around 41.8 million Americans are already pursuing independent work. 

5. 人们在零工市场找工作的主要原因是为了获得更好的工作与生活的平衡，70%的自由职业调查受访者都认同这一点。

根据两年前的一项调查，其他最主要的动机是“希望能选择什么时候工作”(62%的受访者)、“希望自己当老板”(49%)以及“能够选择最合适的项目”(46%)。

选择零工工作的其他原因还有：家庭忧虑、减少通勤成本(包括时间和金钱)、提高工作效率、避免办公室政治和干扰、糟糕的本地就业市场以及健康方面的担忧。

有很多调查研究了选择自由职业的首要动机。百分比各不相同，但成为独立工作者的主要原因是非常相似的。

根据会计软件公司FreshBooks最近的年度报告，65%的受访者表示，控制自己的职业意味着“选择工作时间的自由”，56%的受访者表示，意味着“选择工作努力程度的自由”；48%的受访者喜欢自由职业，因为在管理职业发展方面拥有自主权；还有31%的受访者选择这种工作关系，仅仅是因为他们不喜欢向别人汇报工作。

5. The main reason why people look for jobs in the gig market is to attain better work-life balance, with 70% of freelance survey respondents identifying this.

(FlexJobs; FreshBooks)

According to one survey from two years ago, other top motivations are the “desire to choose when to work” (62% of respondents), the “desire to be (their) own boss” (49%), and the “ability to choose the most suitable projects” (46%). 

Other reasons for choosing gig work are family concerns, eliminating commuting costs (both in terms of time and money), better productivity, avoiding office politics and distractions, a bad local job market, and health concerns. 

There are numerous surveys examining the top motives for choosing freelance work. The percentages vary, but the main reasons for becoming an independent worker are very similar.

According to the more recent annual report from accounting software company FreshBooks, 65% of respondents said that controlling their own career means “freedom to choose when to work”, while 56% said that it’s freedom to choose how hard to work; 48% of respondents favor freelancing because of the autonomy in managing career development, while 31% have chosen this type of working relationship simply because they don’t like reporting to others. 

6. 千禧一代（生于1981-1996）和婴儿潮一代（生于1946-1964）主导着零工市场，分别占全职独立工作者的37%和35%。

只有28%的独立工作者属于X一代（生于1965-1980，39 - 54岁)。

6. Millennials and baby boomers dominate the gig work market, comprising 37% and 35% of full-time independent workers respectively.

(MBO Partners) 

Only 28% of independent workers belong to Generation X (people aged 39 to 54). 

7. 还有更多关于零工经济的人口统计数据：65%的美国个体经营者是男性。

女性占美国零工的35%。然而，越来越多的女性开始探索独立的职业发展机会，作为对职场歧视的回应。

7. Here’s more demographic data on the gig economy: 65% of America’s self-employed are male.

(FreshBooks)

Women account for 35% of US gig workers. However, an increasing number of women are exploring independent career opportunities as a response to workplace discrimination.

8. 零工经济收入统计数据：平均而言，零工员工的收入比全职员工低58%左右。

全职员工的平均年收入是6.25万美元，而独立工作者只有3.65万美元。

造成如此巨大差异的原因之一，是零工每周工作时间比传统工人少(每周工作25小时，而全职工每周工作40小时)。这使得美国自由职业者很难管理他们的日常财务。

然而，收入水平随着年龄的增长而提高。千禧一代独立员工的平均收入为27,500美元，X一代为36,300美元，婴儿潮一代为43,600美元。有趣的是，婴儿潮一代的平均收入高于X一代，尽管后者的工作时间更长。

8. Gig economy income statistics: On average, gig workers earn about 58% less than full-time employees.

(Prudential) 

The average annual income of full-time employees is $62,500, while for independent workers it’s only $36,500. 

One of the reasons for such a large discrepancy is that gig workers work less on a weekly basis than traditional workers (25 hours a week versus 40 for full-time employees). This makes it difficult for American freelancers to manage their daily finances. 

However, income levels improve with age. Millennial independent workers earn an average of $27,500, Gen Xers earn $36,300, and baby boomers $43,600. It’s interesting to note that the average baby boomer earns more than the average Gen Xer, despite the fact that the latter works longer hours. 

9. 种族方面的零工统计数据：所有临时工中有74.6%是白人。

根据美国劳工统计局的数据，美国临时工中只有17.1%是非裔美国人。亚裔和西班牙裔的比例分别为5.8%和16.4%。

9. Gig economy statistics by race: 74.6% of all contingent workers are white.

(USA Facts) 

According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, only 17.1% of US contingent workers are African Americans. For people of Asian and Hispanic origin, these percentages are 5.8% and 16.4%, respectively. 

10. 超过一半的零工无法获得雇主提供的福利(54%)。

在很多情况下，零工可以通过配偶或专业协会获得福利。只有40%的独立工人有雇主赞助的医疗保险，25%有牙科保险，20%有人寿保险，只有5%有短期残疾保险。

10. More than half of gig workers don’t have access to employer-provided benefits (54%).

(Prudential) 

In many instances, when a gig worker has access to benefits, it’s through a spouse or a professional association. Just 40% of independent workers have access to employer-sponsored medical insurance, while 25% have dental insurance, 20% have life insurance, and only 5% have access to short-term disability insurance. 

11. 48%的千禧一代利用零工经济平台找工作或与客户做生意。

另一方面，35%的X一代和只有19%的婴儿潮一代会浏览像Virtual Workers of America（美国在线工作者）这样的Facebook群或者像Jooble, Upwork, Freelancer，和Upward这样的零工经济平台来找工作。

11. 48% of millennials use gig economy platforms to find work or engage in business with clients.

(Prudential) 

On the other hand, 35% of Gen Xers and only 19% of baby boomers browse Facebook groups like Virtual Workers of America or gig economy websites such as Jooble, Upwork, Freelancer, and Upward careers to find work. 

12. 在美国有多少人在家办公或远程工作？至少有20%到25%的美国劳动力偶尔会进行远程办公。

关于那些在美国从事远程工作的人，劳动力规模自2005年以来增长了159%（过去10年增长了91%）。

12. How many workers in the US work from home or remotely? Between 20% and 25% of the US workforce telecommutes at least occasionally.

(Global Workplace Analytics; PayScale) 

When it comes to those engaged in remote work, the American workforce size increased by 159% since 2005 (91% over the last 10 years). 

13. 零工经济的工作统计：根据最新的数据显示，大多数美国零工工作于政府/公共部门(14%)。

美国零工经济的其他主要行业是专业和商业服务(10%)、教育和卫生(10%)、制造业(9%)、建筑业(9%)、金融活动(8%)、信息(8%)、贸易、运输和公用事业(7%)、休闲和酒店(6%)和科技(5%)。其他行业占了剩下的12%。

13. Gig economy job statistics: According to the latest available data, most US gig workers are hired in the government/public sector (14%).

(Statista) 

The other main industries in which US gig economy workers are employed are professional and business services (10%), education and health (10%), manufacturing (9%), construction (9%), financial activities (8%) ), information (8%), trade, transportation and utilities (7%), leisure and hospitality (6%), and tech (5%). Other industries comprise the remaining 12%.

14. 93%的拥有四年制大学学位的自由职业者认为培训对他们目前从事的工作很重要。

一项由Upwork公司和一家自由职业者联盟委托完成的独立研究表明，自由职业者通常更看重技能培训。在这项研究中，79%的受访者说他们的高等教育对他们目前的工作有帮助。

实际上，70%的零工参加过某些培训，而非自由职业的全职员工中只有49%参加过培训。

14. 93% of freelancers with a four-year college degree consider training to be important for the work they currently do.

(Freetrain) 

An independent study commissioned in partnership with Upwork and a leading freelance union suggests that freelancers generally place more value on skills training. In the study, 79% of respondents said their higher education was useful for their current work.

Indeed, 70% of gig workers participated in some kind of training versus only 49% of full-time non-freelance workers. 

15. 根据一家领先的自由职业者网站的数据分析显示，收入最高的零工工作是人工智能和区块链架构。

在这两个行业工作的自由职业者每小时的收入分别约为115.06美元和87.05美元。

其他薪资最高的零工工作分别是机器人领域(每小时77.46美元)、道德黑客*(每小时66.33美元)、加密货币(每小时65.37美元)、亚马逊网络服务的Lambda编码(每小时51美元)、虚拟现实(每小时50.18美元)、react.js开发(40.75美元/小时)、Final Cut影片剪辑(37.12美元/小时)、Instagram营销(31.23美元/小时)。

***道德黑客，即“ethical hackers”，是一群专门模拟黑客攻击，帮助客户了解自己网络的弱点，并为客户提出改进建议的网络安全专家。

15. According to data analysis by leading freelancer websites, the highest-paying jobs for independent workers are in the fields of Artificial Intelligence and Blockchain architecture.

(FitSmallBusiness)

Freelancers working in these industries earn approximately $115.06 and $87.05 per hour respectively.

The other highest-paying gig economy jobs on the work market are in the fields of robotics ($77.46 per hour), ethical hacking – which means checking systems for potential security vulnerabilities ($66.33 per hour) – cryptocurrency ($65.37 per hour), Lambda coding for Amazon Web Services ($51 per hour), virtual reality ($50.18 per hour), react.js development ($40.75 per hour), Final Cut editing ($37.12 per hour), and Instagram marketing ($31.23 per hour).  

16. 63%的员工之所以参与到零工经济中来，是因为拥有一批客户比与单一雇主一起工作更可靠。

这一数据是根据Intuit careers和LinkedIn联合进行的调查得出的。

16. 63% of workers take part in the gig economy because a portfolio of clients is more reliable than working with a single employer.

(Wonolo) 

This figure was obtained from a combination of surveys conducted by Intuit careers and LinkedIn.

17. 美国大约有170家零工经济公司只雇佣远程员工。

美国最大的在线公司有AnswerConnect、InVision、Automattic和Toptal。大公司也逐渐加入了零工经济；根据Upwork的数据，超过30%的《财富500强》公司正在利用Upwork这个平台寻找人才。

对于市场营销、人力资源、采购、制造和零售等非核心岗位，情况尤其如此。

联邦快递（FedEx）、Verizon（美国无线网络运营商之一）和美国银行（Bank of America）等越来越多的大公司开始聘用自由职业者。

17. There are approximately 170 gig economy companies in the United States that only hire remote workers.

(CNBC)  

Among the largest US virtual companies are AnswerConnect, InVision, Automattic, and Toptal. Large corporations are getting involved in the gig economy as well; according to Upwork’s data, more than 30% of Fortune 500 companies are using this platform to find talent.

This is especially the case with non-core jobs such as marketing, human resources, procurement, manufacturing, and retail. 

Major companies that are increasingly turning to freelancers include FedEx, Verizon, and the Bank of America. 

18. 美国最需要远程工作者的州是加利福尼亚、德克萨斯、纽约、佛罗里达和伊利诺斯州。

排名标准是按照各州特定的就业立法、税收和医疗保险要求、职业执照要求和时区差异。以上提到的州在2017年远程工作空缺数量最多。

当谈到州级的零工经济规模时，独立工作者更有可能生活在城市地区，而且他们更集中在西部各州，尤其是加州。许多在线平台在旧金山湾区建立并运营。

18. The top US states for remote workers are California, Texas, New York, Florida, and Illinois.

(Virtual Vocations; Gig Economy Data Hub)

The criteria upon which the top states are determined are state-specific employment legislation, tax and health insurance requirements, professional licensing requirements, and time zone differences. The states mentioned above had the highest number of remote job openings in 2017. 

When it comes to gig economy size on a state level, independent workers are more likely to live in urban areas, and there’s a higher concentration of them in western states, particularly California. Many online platforms were founded and now operate in the San Francisco Bay Area.

19. 73%的Z世代（生于1990s中后期 -2010s早期）自由职业者自愿投身零工经济，而婴儿潮一代的这一比例为66%，千禧一代为64%。

Z世代对零工经济的态度比以往任何一代人都更为积极。然而，令人耳目一新的是，大多数千禧一代、X一代和婴儿潮一代也认为零工经济是一件好事。

19. 73% of Gen Z freelancers have engaged in the gig economy by choice, compared to 66% of baby boomers and only 64% of millennials.

(Fountain)

Gen Zers have a more positive attitude towards the gig economy than any previous generation. However, it’s refreshing to see that most millennials, Gen Xers, and baby boomers also think the gig economy can be a good thing. 

20. 2018年，美国人每周花在自由职业上的时间为10.7亿小时。

这比2015年每周多了大约7200万小时。

20. In 2018, Americans spent 1.07 billion hours per week on freelancing.

(Upwork)

This is approximately 72 million hours per week more than in 2015. 

21. 57%的零工经济工作者表示，他们每周工作超过40小时。

自由职业者平均每周工作43小时。

21. 57% of gig economy workers say they work more than 40 hours per week.

(Freelancermap)

On average, freelancers work 43 hours per week.

22. 53%的全职零工经济工作者参与政治活动。

全职非自由职业者中的这一比例为34%。自由职业者似乎比传统工作者在政治上更活跃。

22. 53% of full-time gig economy workers participate in political activities.

(Upwork) 

On the other hand, this applies to only 34% of full-time non-freelancers. It appears freelancers are generally more politically active than traditional workers. 

23. 自由职业者的总收入接近1万亿美元。

自由职业贡献了美国国内生产总值的4.8%。

23. The total freelancing income is almost $1 trillion.

(Upwork)

Freelancing contributes to 4.8% of US Gross Domestic Product.

24. 几乎90%的美国自由职业者希望教育能帮助他们为零工工作做更好的准备。

Upwork和自由职业者联盟(Freelancers Union)进行的年度研究也表明，美国零工重视软技能。78%的受访者认为，软技能与专业技能对成功同样重要。

24. Almost 90% of America’s freelancers wish education prepared them better for gig work.

(Upwork)

The annual study conducted by Upwork and Freelancers Union has also shown that American gig workers value soft skills. 78% of respondents agreed that soft skills are equally important for success as technical skills.

来源：fortunly.com

文章：Gig Economy Statistics 2020: The New Normal in the Workplace

作者：I. Mitic