ADP报告 —— 洞察商业中的零工劳动力（四）

公司为何及如何使用零工

Why and How Organizations Use Gig Workers

有很多情况会促使公司雇佣零工。有的公司可能会因为当前需求，需要雇佣零工。有的公司可能发展得太快，无法迅速组建出全职员工队伍，而需要能够很快到岗的临时工。有的公司可能在发展业务的地方没有实体办公点，导致实现传统招聘比较困难。或者保持灵活性可能是有的公司的首要任务，需要一批可以根据需求扩充/收缩的员工队伍。

There are many situations that may prompt a company to engage gig workers. A firm may need a pool of workers they can tap into on an as-needed basis or with minimum notice. A company may be growing too quickly to hire and develop a full-time workforce, yet workers are needed immediately. An organization may be growing in locations where it does not have a physical presence, making traditional hiring difficult. Or flexibility may be a top priority for the company, which may require a pool of workers that can expand and contract as needed. 

公司可能会将零工作为一种雇佣全职员工的途径。他们可以暂时使用零工直到一个固定的职位被填补，或者他们可以雇用零工作为潜在的全职岗位候选人。还有的公司可能会雇佣零工来处理不需要全职员工的短期项目。当一个特定的任务或项目需要专门的技能或知识时，这种情况是很常见的。某些类型的小企业可能想要避免雇佣任何员工所带来的行政负担。另外，公司雇佣零工来做季节性、随叫随到或按需工作的情况也很常见。

Companies may use gig workers as a pathway to hiring full-time, permanent employees. They may use them temporarily until a regular position is filled, or they may engage them as a potential or planned temporary-to-permanent hire. In other cases, companies may hire gig workers to handle short-term projects that do not require a full-time employee. This is common when specialized skills or knowledge is needed for a specific task or project. Certain types of small businesses may want to avoid the administrative burden of hiring any staff at all. It is also common for companies to hire gig workers for seasonal, on-call or as-needed work.

在某些情况下，公司可能选择通过1099-MISC安排雇佣。大多数接受调查的公司列举了一些常见的潜在原因，其中最主要的是出于这种关系的契约结构，与W-2员工有很大不同。为了使雇主遵守联邦税法并正确地将劳动者分类为独立承包商，1099-MISC承包商必须在不受雇主控制的情况下完成他们的工作，雇主不能规定如何及何时完成工作。虽然雇主对1099-MISC零工工作的执行没有太多的控制，但管理负担比较少，相比起W-2员工来说。1099-MISC不需要走行政审批程序，不需要冗长的文件或入职培训。因此，这种零工与短期W-2员工和雇主的关系有着根本的不同。

In some cases, companies may choose to engage workers through a 1099-MISC arrangement. Most firms surveyed cite a few common underlying reasons that make this an attractive choice. Top among these reasons is the contractual structure of the relationship, which is quite different from W-2 employees. In order for the employer to comply with federal tax laws and properly classify workers as Independent contractors, the 1099-MISC contractors must complete their work without control by the employer, and the employer cannot dictate how and when the job is performed. Although employers have less control over how the job is performed, 1099-MISC workers reduce the administrative burden that often accompanies W-2 employment. There's no need for a bureaucratic approval process, lengthy paperwork or onboarding. Therefore, this gig worker has a fundamentally different relationship with employers than do short-term W-2 workers.

公司发现雇佣1099-MISC零工有额外的好处。许多雇主认为，在某些条件下，合同安排往往符合承包商和传统工人的最佳利益。当一项特定技能的长期需求存在不确定性时，一些雇主认为，雇佣一些人作为传统的W-2员工，然后如果这个岗位变得没有必要，就被迫终止岗位解雇员工，这是很不公平的。然而，合同工能够接受这种不确定性。许多雇主表示，通过雇佣合同工来应对不确定性的发生，可以保护现有的劳动力。解雇一个传统员工会对公司的员工士气产生重大的负面影响，最好要避免。雇佣承包商可以帮助雇主规避这一潜在风险。

Companies find additional advantages to engaging 1099-MISC workers. Many employers feel that, under certain conditions, a contractual arrangement is often in the best interests of both contractors and traditional workers. When there is uncertainty about whether there will be a long-term need for specific skills, some employers feel it is unfair to hire someone as a traditional W-2 worker and then be forced to terminate the position if the role becomes unnecessary. On the other hand, contract workers expect and accept this uncertainty. Managing uncertainty by hiring contract workers protects the existing workforce, according to many employers. Terminating a traditional employee has a significant negative impact on employee morale and is best avoided. Hiring contractors helps employers sidestep this potential risk.

几乎对于所有公司来说，雇佣1099-MISC合同工是预算驱动的决定。这被认为是获得公司中原本不存在的特定技能的最划算方式。根据公司的情况，雇佣零工还可以帮助公司限制员工的加班成本，以减少工资支出，特别是当需要零工多长时间不确定的时候。

For nearly all companies, hiring 1099-MISC contract workers is a budget-driven decision. It's seen as the most cost-effective way to acquire a specific skill set that is not present in the organization. Depending on company circumstances, it may also help the firm minimize payroll expenses by limiting employee overtime costs, especially if there is uncertainty around how long the worker will be needed.

一般来说，零工在组织中扮演四种角色：

1)特殊项目或任务；

2)补缺劳动力；

3)专门为销售而聘请的佣金型承包商；

4)季节性或随叫随到的短期W-2员工。

关于每一种类型的零工的详细情况见表1。

Generally speaking, gig workers fill four types of roles in an organization:

1) special projects or tasks; 

2) stop-gap labor; 

3) commission-based contractors hired exclusively for sales; and 

4) short-term W-2 workers who are typically seasonal or on-call hires.

Further detail regarding each type of gig worker Is available in Chart 1.

表1：公司如何利用零工

Chart1: How Organizations Leverage Gig Workers

公司列举了各种雇佣零工的原因，但几乎所有公司都表示，这种做法有效地提高了生产率，降低了成本。有了这些优势，我们现在就来探讨该实践在企业组织中的广泛程度。

Companies cite various reasons for engaging gig workers, but nearly all say the practice effectively improves productivity and lower cost. With such advantages, we now explore how widespread the practice is among organizations. 

>> 在企业组织中，六分之一的员工是零工

在美国，16%的劳动力由零工构成。(见图2)。其中8%是1099-MISC零工，8%是短期W-2员工。2010年至2019年，零工占比增加了2.2个百分点。这一份额的增长是由1099-MISC零工和短期W-2员工的增长共同成就的，在过去的九年里，这两种类型的工作者都各自增长了1.1个百分点。（编者说明，有关1099-MISC零工和W-2员工的解释在本连载的第一篇文章中。）

虽然几乎所有的企业都使用零工，但使用程度差异很大。如图3所示，在40%的公司中，每四个员工中就有一个是零工。在近20%的公司中，零工占劳动力总数的一半以上。

One in Six Workers in Organizations Is a Gig Worker

In the United States, 16% of the workforce is comprised of gig workers. (See Chart 2.) Of these, 8% are 1099-MISC contractor workers and 8% are short-term W-2 workers. From 2010 to 2019, the share of gig workers increased by 2.2 percentage points, or 15%. This share growth is comprised of equal parts 1099-MISC and short-term W-2 workers, each of which grew by 1.1 percentage points of 15% in the last nine years. 

Although nearly all businesses use gig workers, the amount of usage varies significantly. As noted in Chart 3, in about 40% of companies, one in four workers is a gig worker. In nearly 20% of companies, gig workers comprise more than half of their workforces. 

表2：企业组织中六分之一的员工是零工

表3：大多数企业组织都雇佣零工

>> 零工在哪里工作，挣多少钱

尽管所有行业的公司都依赖零工，但不同领域对零工的使用存在显著差异。如图4所示，雇佣零工人数最多的前三个行业是娱乐、建筑和商业服务。大多数行业呈现出相似的零工混合构成，既聘用1099-MISC零工（技能较高，薪酬较高），也雇佣短期W-2员工（技能较低，薪酬较低）。唯一的例外是金融业，零工占劳动力总数的25%。绝大多数是1099-MISC零工，可能是因为他们是独立的房地产或保险中介。

图4右侧展示了1099-MISC零工、短期W-2员工和传统全职W-2员工按行业分类的平均月收入。平均而言，1099-MISC零工的收入高于其他两类员工。

在一些行业，1099-MISC零工的平均月收入远远高于传统员工。这在专业服务等部门是可以预期的，在这些部门中，高技能的专业人员（如律师、顾问或营销专家）可能会因特殊情况而被雇用。

Although firms in all industries rely on gig workers, the usage differs significantly by sector. As shown in Chart 4 on the following page, the top three sectors that engage the largest numbers of gig workers are recreation, construction and business services. Most of the sectors show a similarly mixed composition of gig workers, engaging both 1099-MISC workers (with higher skills and pay) as well as short-term W-2 workers (with lower skills and pay). The one exception is the finance sector, where gig workers comprise 25% of the workforce. The large majority are 1099-MISC contractors, likely because they are independent real estate or insurance agents.

The right side of Chart 4 shows the average monthly income by sector for 1099-MISC contractors, short-term W-2 employees and traditional W-2 employees. On average, 1099-MISC workers earn more than the other two categories.

In some sectors, the average monthly income for 1099-MISC workers is considerably higher than that of traditional workers. This may be expected in a sector such as professional services, where highly skilled professionals (such as attorneys, consultants or marketing experts) may be engaged for special circumstances.

表4：不同行业零工的比例及薪资

一个有趣的例外是信息服务行业，在那里传统员工的收入是1099-MISC零工的5倍。信息服务行业包括媒体、广播、电信、印刷和研究相关业务，吸引了许多低薪的自由职业者。在经济蓬勃发展的情况下，公司很可能会支付较高的薪水来留住技术娴熟的员工，尤其是高科技行业的员工。

美国16%的劳动力是由零工构成的，我们现在探究在工作者人数最多的州的零工的比例。(见图5)。当我们看一下总就业人数最多的几个州时，佛罗里达州以22%的劳动力是零工高居榜首，其次是加利福尼亚州、得克萨斯州和伊利诺伊州。

表5：总就业人数最多的州：零工在州内劳动力所占比例

One interesting outlier is the sector of information services, where traditional workers earn five times that of 1099-MISC contractors. The information services sector includes media, broadcasting, telecommunications, printing and research-related businesses that attract many low-paid freelancers. In a booming economy, companies are likely to pay well to keep the most highly skilled workers on staff, especially if they are in a high-tech industry.

Knowing 16% of the U.S. workforce is comprised of gig workers, we now explore the proportion of gig workers in states with the most workers. (See Chart 5.) When we look at the top states with highest total employment, Florida tops the list with 22% of its workforce being gig workers, followed by California, Texas and Illinois.（原文来自ADP官网）

（待续第五期）